Jongil Lim , Seung Ho Chang , Jihyun Lee

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 1-13, 2024

The average age for a child getting their first smartphone is getting younger. While well-established negative impacts of using smartphone on walking characteristics such as slower walking speed or greater sway were generally found for the adult population, its age-related differences are not clear. Of specific interest was to examine school-age children’s gait characteristics during walking and texting. A total of 24 participants were recruited in this study (12 children (CG) and 12 young adults (AG)). Two conditions were employed (No-Texting and Texting) and in each condition participants performed two 60 sec walking trials at their preferred speed along a rectangular walkway. Gait parameters including spatial and temporal step characteristics were measured from wireless inertial sensor system. Dual-task cost (DTC) was calculated as the percentage change between single-task (No-Texting) and dual-task (Texting) conditions. No significant group differences in DTC were observed for texting speed and accuracy. DTC for the gait speed was not significantly different between groups. CG exhibited greater DTCs of foot strike as well as toe-off angle showing the more leveled foot angle control. There was a greater reduction of foot elevation at mid-swing in CG than AG. Lower lateral step variability and greater reduction of lumbar motion in transverse plane were also exhibited in CG. The study highlights that to attain a comparable secondary task performance with young adults, children group adopted more cautious gait patterns when walking and texting. The observed changes, therefore, may suggest that a greater compromise in motor-domain seems necessary in school-age children mobile-phone users under dual-tasking conditions.

Children, Dual Task, Texting, Gait

Rizaldy C. Hofileña

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 14-27, 2024

This study investigates the lived experiences of college students at a selected university in the Philippines regarding their participation in physical activities. Utilizing a phenomenological research design, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 25 students to explore the barriers and perceived impacts of fitness participation. Key themes identified include time constraints, motivational factors, environmental barriers, social influences, and health conditions as significant obstacles to engagement. Participants reported positive outcomes related to physical health and mental well-being, including increased energy and enhanced cognitive functioning, aligning with existing research linking physical activity to improved academic performance. However, concerns about the time commitment required for fitness participation emerged, highlighting the need for a balanced approach. This study underscores the necessity for universities to implement effective fitness participation programs that address these barriers and promote student well-being. By fostering an active lifestyle, educational institutions can contribute to the holistic development of their students, enhancing both physical health and academic success.

College Students, Physical Activity Participation, Fitness Programs

Zhixun Zhang , Chen Zhuang , Renyou Zheng , Yanyan Wu

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 28-44, 2024

This study aims to develop an innovative curriculum tailored for Chinese university dance majors, integrating software coding and making competencies to address the increasing convergence of dance and technology in contemporary educational practices. Utilizing a rigorous and systematic methodology that encompassed comprehensive literature reviews, expert consultations, and a Modified Delphi Method, this study developed ‘Choreography Creation through Coding’ curriculum module, which focuses on applying coding and algorithmic thinking in movement design. Collectively, this curriculum module aim to cultivate essential creative skills and digital literacy, thereby equipping dance students with the competencies required to thrive in the digital age. The proposed curriculum offers a pioneering educational model that enriches dance education by contributing to the qualitative advancement of dance arts and expanding possibilities for innovative choreography. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for continued research to assess its practical impact and effectiveness across diverse educational contexts.

Dance Education, Software Coding, Making, Coding Integration, Curriculum Development

Heesu Lee

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 45-55, 2024

This article aims to examine elementary teachers' perceptions of physical education as a separated subject for first and second grades. This study as a qualitative study was conducted by selecting 6 elementary teachers working in the Gyeonggi-Do and Incheon-Si. They were asked to engage in individual in-depth interviews using semi-structured interview questions. The inductive category analysis proposed by Lincoln and Guba (1985) was conducted. Category analysis was performed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. To improve the validity of the derived research results, among the strategies suggested by Merriam (1998), peer review and member check were completed. The results of this article were classified into two primary themes such as 'positive perceptions of separating physical education' and 'negative perceptions of separating physical education'. The first primary theme consists of the two sub-themes such as 'health promotion caused by increasing an opportunity to engage in physical activity' and 'developing movement competency through curriculum alignment’. The second primary theme was drawn with three sub-themes such as 'limitation of class environmental aspect', 'burden of preparing and implementing physical education', and' teachers' lack of consensus on the changed policy’. In conclusion, this article suggests the directions of elementary teacher education to successfully settle down physical education separated for lower grades.

Elementary Teachers, Perception, Separating Physical Education, Lower-Grade Elementary School Students

Daehwan Kim

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 56-68, 2024

The purpose of this study is to explore the differences in perceptions of the importance and satisfaction of key attributes―functionality, aesthetics, brand, price, and service―of outdoor brands between M generation and Z generation using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). For this, a quota random sampling of 500 adults who have ever purchased outdoor sportswear products was performed and the collected data of the 500 adults was used for the final analysis. The results of IPA on attributes of outdoor brands show different patterns in the IPA grid between the two generations. The findings of this study provide useful guidelines for marketers and brand managers to make a guided decision for efficient resource allocation, ultimately developing more effective brand management strategies.

Outdoor Brands, Product Attributes, MZ Generation, Comparative Analysis, IPA

Soo-yeon Kim , Hee-tae Roh

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 69-77, 2024

The evidence for the subclinical effects of exercise on inflammation and blood lipids caused by obesity under particulate matter (PM) exposure conditions is limited. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD), PM exposure, and exercise on inflammation and blood lipid profiles. Forty male C57BL/6 mice, 4 weeks old, were randomly assigned to four groups (n=10 per group): the standard chow diet (STD) group, the HFD group, the HFD with PM exposure (HFD-PM) group, and the HFD with PM exposure and exercise (HFD-PM-EX) group. The mice were fed either an STD or HFD for 16 weeks, and PM was administered via tail vein injection for 8 weeks. The exercise group underwent treadmill running 5 times per week for 8 weeks. Body weight was significantly higher in the HFD and HFD-PM groups compared to the STD and HFD-PM-EX groups (p < 0.05). Serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly higher in the HFD and HFD-PM groups compared to the STD group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the HFD-PM-EX group showed significantly lower IL-6 levels compared to the HFD and HFD-PM groups (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly higher in the HFD and HFD-PM groups compared to the STD group (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly higher in the HFD-PM-EX group than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the HFD-PM-EX group exhibited significantly lower TC levels than the HFD-PM group (p<0.05), and significantly lower LDL-C levels compared to the HFD and HFD-PM groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that while an HFD can induce systemic inflammatory responses and cause detrimental changes in blood lipid profiles, additional harmful effects from PM exposure were not observed. Moreover, regular aerobic exercise may effectively mitigate HFD-induced inflammation and improve blood lipid profiles.

Particulate Matter, High-Fat Diet, Exercise, Inflammation, Lipid Profile

Sanghyuk Park , Minchang Kim

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 78-85, 2024

This study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the effect of fear of competition perceived by elite athletes on sports conditions. To solve this purpose, related data were collected using fear and condition scales, and results were calculated based on the data analysis procedure. First, elite athletes felt the most fear about the outcome of the game, and they were in good condition to improve their motivation for the game. In addition, the fear of threatening injury was low, and the physical vitality condition was relatively poor. In addition, as a result of conducting a correlation analysis to find out the relationship between fear of competition and sports condition, the fear of competition and sports condition showed a negative relationship. In particular, there was the greatest negative relationship between fear of competition and condition of skill b improvement. Finally, as a result of examining the effect of fear of competition on sports condition, it was found that concern affects psychological vitality, and concern about loss of effort and outcome affects skill improvement. In addition, it was confirmed that loss of effort and threat of injury had an effect on physical vitality, and concern about results had an effect on decreased motivation. These results were discussed based on previous studies and sports sites.

Fear of Competition, Sports Conditions, Physical Vitality, Improved Motivation, Concern about Outcome

Jin-hee Kim

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 86-93, 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the cultural and arts education experiences of older women from a transformative learning perspective. This study used a narrative method to examine the experiences of elderly women active in a folk song-dance taste community through transformative learning. Participants were five elderly women aged 65 to 80 who danced folk songs in a living art space in A city. This study collected data from interviews, participant observation, and photovoice. The data was analyzed using an inductive method that generated story themes by transcribing the data into text, analyzing the content through coding, and classifying by topic. The results of the story of an elderly woman in a community of folk dance tastes consisted of space, folk song dance and costumes, and relationships with humans. First, it is about establishing a relationship with space. I was able to form a relationship with a meaningful space that I want to come to when I open my eyes because folk song dance is attractive as a moving activity in the living art space. Second, it establishes a relationship between folk dance and costumes. Elderly women feel positivity, pride, and fulfillment in their lives while listening to folk music and dancing to folk songs. In terms of establishing a relationship with costumes, people pay attention to clothes on days when they dance folk songs and rediscover meaning in their daily lives through costumes. Third, it is about establishing relationships between myself and others. Older women are experiencing the process of immersing their tastes in the folk song and dance taste community, discovering new meaning in their lives, and finding happiness in the present time.

Ontological Relationship, Taste Community, Transformative Learning, Narrative Inquiry

Soohyun Kim

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 94-103, 2024

In this study, in order to identify problems related to survival swimming education for students with disabilities and propose improvement measures, three survival swimming field leaders, three teachers in charge of students with disabilities, and three parents of students with disabilities were interviewed through preliminary questionnaire and focus groups to identify obstacles and analyze improvement measures based on the results. The following findings were obtained as a result of the analysis. First, seven factors were identified as external barriers: policy, facilities, programs, awareness, safety, qualifications, and personnel. Second, two factors were identified for internal barriers: physical and psychological. Third, two obstacles were identified for each type of disability: physical and mental disabilities, and improvement measures were identified for each obstacle.

Disabled Students, Survival Swimming Education, Improvement Measures

Heesoon Choi , Youngsook Yook

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 104-122, 2024

This article aims to explore strategic ways to develop student golf players by examining various determinants for their growth. Individual in-depth interview was conducted with 8 student golf players who are enrolled in middle and high schools and belong to the Korean Middle and High School Golf Federation and 4 coaches. For the analysis of the collected qualitative data, inductive category analysis was conducted through repeated comparisons according to the procedures of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The result of this study revealed two primary themes such as 'factors influencing the growth of student golf players perceived by themselves' and 'factors influencing the growth of student golf players perceived by coaches’. Based on the primary themes, this study revealed key findings as follows. First, both student golf players and coaches commonly perceive emotional expression, positive interaction, and relationship formation as positive factors. Second, the common perception of coaches and student golf players was satisfaction through understanding and interest in training and skills. Third, the student golf players and coaches perceived anxiety about the competitions from different perspectives. Fourth, student golf players and coaches commonly perceived worries and tension about competition as negative factors hindering the growth of student golf players. In conclusion, this article is expected to provide fundamental information to develop a sports psychological skills training program helpful for student golf players in terms of promoting their growth.

Determinants, Overcoming, Measures, Student Golf Players, Growth

Jung Taek Shin

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 123-133, 2024

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a career counseling program for a high school baseball player. The career counseling program was composed by synthesizing previous research, expert opinions, and player needs analysis. The career counseling program for a student athlete was composed of 8 sessions, and each session lasted approximately 60 minutes. The contents of the career counseling program included setting life goals, finding my strengths, exploring career aptitude and interests, creating a life graph, acquiring life skills, searching for career information, selecting a realistic career path, identifying and overcoming career obstacles, creating a career action plan, and making a future business card. This research design was a single case study design with 2 baseline stages and 3 time points after the program closure. The effectiveness of the career counseling program was confirmed through the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale, the Career Anxiety Scale, and interviews. The career counseling program designed in this study improved the career decision self-efficacy of a participant. Specifically, it improved the job information, goal selection, future plan, and problem solving skills of a participant in the career counseling program. In addition, this study showed that the career counseling program reduced the career anxiety of student athlete.

Career Counseling Program, Life Goals, Strengths, Life Skills, Career Anxiety

Minchang Kim , Sanghyuk Park

DOI: Vol.8(No.3) 134-141, 2024

This study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the effect of stress perceived by elite athletes before competitions on sports conditions. To solve this purpose, related data were collected, and the results were calculated based on the data analysis procedure and the following conclusions were obtained. First, the difference in sports condition according to the stress level was found to be statistically significant, and in particular, the group experiencing severe stress was found to be in worse condition than the group showing normal stress. In addition, as a result of conducting a correlation analysis to find out the relationship between stress and sports condition, it was confirmed that stress and sports condition showed a negative correlation, and when stress increased, condition deteriorated. Finally, as a result of examining the effect of stress on sports condition based on correlation analysis, it was found that psychological vitality and skill improvement were reduced. Therefore, these results were discussed in consideration of previous studies and the characteristics of the sports environment.

Sports Condition, Stress, Psychological Vitality, Skill Improvement