Byungjae Min , Daehwan Kim

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.1 Vol.9(No.1) 1-16, 2025

This study aimed to explore the effects of personal trainers' transactional, transformational, and servant leadership on consumers' coaching satisfaction and their continuance intention toward personal training. Additionally, it sought to verify the moderating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between the personal trainer's leadership and coaching satisfaction. For this purpose, adults who had experienced personal training nationwide were set as the population, and a survey was conducted through an online research agency with 500 participants selected by quota random sampling. To validate the established research model, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed using the statistical program R. The results indicated that all three types of personal trainers' leadership had a positive impact on members' coaching satisfaction. Moreover, members' coaching satisfaction positively influenced their continuance intention toward personal training. Interestingly, the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the impact of leadership types on coaching satisfaction was negative in the case of transactional leadership, positive in the case of servant leadership, and non-significant in the case of transformational leadership. In conclusion, it was suggested that personal trainers should exhibit appropriate leadership according to the consumer's disposition (self-efficacy) to ensure the continued engagement of members in personal training.

Personal Trainer, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Servant Leadership, Continuance Intention Toward Personal Training

Hansol Kim , Kihan Kim

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.17 Vol.9(No.1) 17-32, 2025

The diversification of sports media has transformed how audiences engage with content, shifting attention from specific teams or leagues to broader, more varied formats. This study examines how different types of mediated sport content - sport match related, pre-/post-match related, and sports news related-influence the development of bridging and bonding social capital, with opportunities for social connection as a mediating mechanism. Results indicate that sport match-related and pre-/post-match related content positively influence social connection and, in turn, social capital. However, sports news showed no significant effect on opportunities for social connection. Bridging social capital demonstrated a stronger path coefficient than bonding social capital, suggesting that mediated sport consumption may more effectively foster broader, cross-group social ties. These findings highlight the social potential of mediated sports consumption and the varying impact of content types.

Sport Content, Entertainment, Sport News, Bridging Social Capital, Bonding Social Capital

Jung Hyun Kim , Sooyoung Sul

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.33 Vol.9(No.1) 33-43, 2025

The demand for sports activities has grown along with the overall increase in income and leisure time. As the public's demand for sports participation has increased, the central government and local governments have also made efforts to increase the supply of public sports facilities and introduce various programs. However, the utilization rate of public sports facilities by residents remains low. This study sought ways to revitalize public sports facilities and increase residents' utilization through in-depth interviews with operational experts of public sports facilities in Gyeonggi Province. The analysis of experts' opinions revealed that financial support should be available to supply facilities and programs that match the scale and demand of residents, and more consideration should be given to regional characteristics, local conditions, and accessibility. Furthermore, it was confirmed that programs should be diverse and flexible, taking into account the existence of various demand groups, and that data on the utilization rate of facilities and residents' satisfaction should be continuously collected and analyzed. These results should be transparently disclosed and actively utilized for the improvement and development of facilities and programs.

Public Sports Facilities, Operational Efficiency, Sports Programs

Jongho Kim

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.44 Vol.9(No.1) 44-62, 2025

The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles with sportsmanship values has emerged as a critical strategic priority in the sports sector. ESG management not only fosters corporate social responsibility but also enhances organizational citizenship behavior by aligning financial sustainability with broader societal impact. This study investigates the relationship between employees’ perceptions of ESG management and organizational citizenship behavior within public sports organizations, with a particular focus on the mediating roles of social value orientation and organizational identification. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and multiple mediation analysis, survey data were collected from 343 employees of government-affiliated public sports organizations in South Korea. The findings reveal that social value orientation and organizational identification fully mediate the association between ESG management and organizational citizenship behavior, underscoring their essential role in facilitating ESG integration. These findings suggest that perceived ESG management influences OCB indirectly through two sequential psychological mechanisms: first, by fostering a prosocial value orientation, and second, by strengthening employees’ organizational identification―thereby demonstrating the importance of PEM, SVO, and OI in enhancing voluntary and value-driven organizational behavior. By providing empirical evidence on ESG-driven organizational behavior, this study offers strategic insights for enhancing sustainable management practices and corporate social responsibility within the sports industry.

ESG, Public Sports Organization, Organizational Citizenship, Organizational Identification, Social Value Orientation

Daehwan Kim

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.63 Vol.9(No.1) 63-79, 2025

This study examines the impact of athletes’ marketable lifestyle attributes (life story, role model, and relationship effort) on consumer attitudes and behavioral loyalty, incorporating a multi-group analysis to assess the moderating effect of consumer gender. A structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, based on survey data from 600 South Korean consumers, reveals that life story and role model significantly influence consumer attitudes, which in turn drive behavioral loyalty. However, relationship effort does not exhibit a statistically significant effect. Multi-group SEM analysis indicates that male consumers place greater emphasis on role model attributes, while female consumers respond more strongly to relationship effort. These findings provide theoretical contributions to athlete brand management and offer practical insights for sports marketers in designing gender-specific branding strategies to enhance consumer engagement and long-term brand loyalty.

Athlete Brand, Marketable Lifestyle, Consumer Attitude, Behavioral Loyalty, Consumer Gender

Donghyun Lee , Jungyul Lee , Seojin Youn

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.80 Vol.9(No.1) 80-91, 2025

The purpose of this study was to examine scholarly trends over the past five years in research related to physical activity, leisure, and dance programs for older adults using topic modeling techniques. Specifically, it aimed to identify and interpret socio-psychological variables emerging from this literature at a macro level. Keywords were extracted from Korean academic publications using the TEXTOM 24 program. A series of analyses―including N-gram analysis, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), topic modeling, and semantic network analysis―were conducted to investigate keyword patterns and thematic structures across the corpus. N-gram analysis revealed that “life” and “quality” were the most frequently co-occurring terms. TF-IDF analysis identified “activity,” “life,” “society,” “depression,” and “health” as the most salient keywords. Topic modeling extracted five major thematic clusters: (1) Life Satisfaction, (2) Participation Effects, (3) Subjective Psychological Effects, (4) Cognitive Function Effects, and (5) Health Promotion Effects. Semantic network analysis further indicated that “elderly,” “participation,” “leisure,” “health,” and “psychology” were the most central nodes based on both degree and closeness centrality. In terms of betweenness centrality, these keywords remained prominent, while “program” emerged as an additional bridging term across clusters. Over the past five years, Korean research on physical activity, leisure, and dance programs for older adults has increasingly incorporated concepts such as “therapy,” “cognition,” and “dementia.” These findings suggest a meaningful shift toward multidimensional and interdisciplinary perspectives in gerontological research, emphasizing the integration of physical, psychological, and cognitive dimensions in aging-related studies.

Older Adults, Physical Activity, Leisure and Dance Programs, Socio-Psychological Variables, Text Mining

So-young Park , Guang-nam Kim , Ji-hang Lee

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.92 Vol.9(No.1) 92-101, 2025

While watching a video of continuous ballet and Poomsae movements for dance majors and non-majors, EEG Mu rhythms were measured and compared to confirm the activation of the mirror neuron system according to dance expertise. The eight series of ballet and Poomsae video clips (30 sec. each) were displayed randomly. The collected EEG data (from C3, C4, F3, F4, P3, and P4 sites) were processed and analyzed by the BioScanver. 2.0 program for the normalized mu rhythm (8-13 Hz) activity. SPSS 22.0 program was used to perform repeated measures 2 (major vs. non-major) group x 2 (ballet and poomsae) ANOVA for each electrode location. Results showed that the mu-rhythm asynchrony was not observed in the areas of F3 and F4. On the other hand, in the areas of C3, C4, P3, and P4, mu-rhythm asynchronization was observed only when a dance major watched a ballet movement video. These results support the idea that mu-rhythmic asynchronism could be a functional indication of the activation of the mirror neuron system. Also, these neural responses were maintained during the viewing of a series of motions. However, the limited spatial resolution adopted in this study could not identify the involvement of the pre-motor cortex, which could be the most significant mirror neuron-related structure in the human brain. Therefore, measuring the mu rhythm with the higher temporal and spatial resolution would lead to further investigation of this issue.

Dance, Expertise, Mirror Neuron, Mu Rhythm

Jung Taek Shin , Ju-been Song , Ho Sung Lee

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.102 Vol.9(No.1) 102-115, 2025

The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a positive psychology program combined with noncontact psychological skills training developed in the study by Shin et al. (2024) by applying it to student athletes. The participants of this study consisted of 41 student athletes belonging to the Korea Sports Council. The non-face-to-face psychological skills training combined positive psychology program was conducted for a total of 11 sessions (40 minutes per week) over approximately 3 months. Self-esteem, happiness, trait sports confidence, and perceived performance scales were used as measures, and in-depth interviews were conducted to deeply analyze the effectiveness of the program after the program closed. As a result of applying a positive psychology program combined with non-face-to-face psychological skills training to student athletes, it was found to have a significant effect on self-esteem and perceived performance, but it did not have a significant effect on happiness and trait sports confidence. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the suitability and effectiveness of this program for student athletes. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed in various ways in terms of the application of a positive psychology program combined with noncontact psychological skills training.

Student Athletes, Self-Esteem, Happiness, Trait Sport-Confidence, Perceived Performance

Hyungju Lee , Soohyun Kim

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.116 Vol.9(No.1) 116-125, 2025

This study aims to examine how wearing baller bands affects the psychological stability and confidence of basketball players during games. Sports items are not only functional tools but can also enhance athletes' mental stability and performance. The research explores whether wearing baller bands can bring positive psychological changes to athletes and how they can be effectively used in training and education programs. The study used a quasi-experimental design with 60 basketball players divided into two groups: an experimental group (wearing baller bands) and a control group (not wearing baller bands). Both groups participated in a 4-week training program, three times per week, in the same environment. The CSAI-2 (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2) was used to measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and confidence before and after the program. Additional observations and open-ended surveys were conducted to collect qualitative data. The experimental group showed a significant increase in confidence compared to the control group after the intervention (p < 0.05). They also demonstrated higher psychological stability and focus during games. Players reported that wearing baller bands provided a sense of calmness and helped them feel more like professional athletes. The findings show that baller bands can positively impact athletes' confidence and psychological stability. This suggests that sports items can be effective tools for supporting athletes mentally, beyond their functional purposes. Training programs should consider using sports items like baller bands to improve athletes' mental readiness and performance.

Baller Bands, Psychological Stability, Confidence, Cognitive Anxiety, Athlete Performance

Jeongmin Lee , Yeonheung Kang , Justin Yong Kwan Jeon

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.126 Vol.9(No.1) 126-138, 2025

This study aimed to evaluate South Korean national policies, strategies and legislative instruments related to physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents with disabilities (CAWD) using the Health Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) Policy Audit Tool (PAT) version 2 and scoring rubric. The application of HEPA PAT v2 identified six critical criteria that reflected its relative importance as a contributor to the total (100%) score for the scoring rubric. Fourteen policy instruments covering key policy domains relevant to PA and three accountable sectors were identified. Overall, the scoring rubric provided a cumulative score of 94%, at translates into a grade of A+. Based on HEPA PAT v2 and the scoring rubric, most policies offered an opportunity to provide greater consistency and potential for developing both comparative and trend data when assessing policy impact on PA in CAWD in South Korea.

Physical Activity, National Policy, Children and Adolescents with, Disabilities, Para Report Card

Yun-seop Lym , Hyung-il Lee , Hee-tae Roh

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.139 Vol.9(No.1) 139-150, 2025

Regular exercise and a vegetarian diet have each been suggested to have antioxidant effects. However, the additional benefits of combining exercise with a vegetarian diet remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of combined exercise and a vegetarian diet on the antioxidant system and metabolic flexibility. Thirty healthy adults were selected and randomly assigned to one of four groups: a control (CON) group, a vegetarian diet (VD) group, an exercise (EX) group, and a group following both a vegetarian diet and exercise regimen (VDEX). The combined exercise, consisting of resistance and endurance training, was performed three times per week for eight weeks, while the vegetarian diet intervention followed a lacto-ovo diet for the same period. Blood samples were collected at pre- and post-intervention stages to analyze serum levels of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). To evaluate metabolic flexibility, carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates, as well as lactate levels, were measured during a graded exercise test. Post-intervention, serum Sirt3 and SOD2 levels significantly increased in both the EX and VDEX groups (p < 0.05), while serum MDA levels significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, during the post-intervention graded exercise test, carbohydrate oxidation rates and lactate levels significantly decreased in the EX and VDEX groups (p < 0.05), while fat oxidation rates significantly increased (p < 0.05). These results suggest that combined exercise may be effective in reducing oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity and may also positively influence metabolic flexibility. However, the antioxidant effects of the vegetarian diet alone were not observed.

Exercise, Vegetarianism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Antioxidant System, Metabolic Flexibility

Ji Yong Byeon , Jooyeon Jin , Aeryung Hong

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.151 Vol.9(No.1) 151-159, 2025

Gait functions change with aging, and the changes are sex- and age-dependent. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a dual tasking-based creative physical activity program on gait functions the female elderly. Thirty-five elderly women were assigned to an experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 15) groups. A dual tasking-based creative physical activity program was conducted for 80 minutes, twice a week, for 15 weeks. Pre- and post-assessments were conducted to assess gait functions using Timed Up and Go and 10-meter Walk tests. Time (seconds) of the TUG test statistically decreased in the experimental group (95% CI [-1.77, -.68], p < .001) after participating in the intervention. Gait speed (meter per second) with both the comfortable (95% CI [.14, .30], p < .001) and fast (95% CI [.11, .28], p < .001) walking speed in the experimental group significantly improved in the experimental group. The 15-week-long creative physical activity program may serve as an effective approach for fall prevention, mobility enhancement, and overall quality-of-life improvement for older women.

Dual Tasking, Aging, Women

Zhixun Zhang

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.160 Vol.9(No.1) 160-180, 2025

This research explores the role of collaborative learning through making in developing team-based problem-solving skills within the college dance education curriculum. To achieve the research objectives, the study employed a Modified Delphi Method, alongside Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. The study identifies six core competencies essential for team-based problem-solving in dance education: communicative choreography mastery, collaborative dance dynamics, innovative movement exploration, performance project management, adaptive choreographic resilience, and empathetic dance collaboration. The findings indicate that effective communication, flexibility in roles, and the ability to innovate within choreography are critical to success in dance education. Additionally, performance management skills, adaptability, and empathy play a significant role in navigating dynamic environments and fostering a supportive collaborative atmosphere. The analysis also prioritizes sub-factors within these competencies, revealing the importance of clear communication, emotional resilience, and strong interpersonal relationships. Future research should further explore the impact of collaborative learning on creativity, problem-solving, and teamwork in dance education, with the aim of advancing pedagogical practices and improving student outcomes.

Collaborative Learning, Team-Based Problem-Solving, Dance Education, Choreographic Competencies

Jaeeun Kim , Pilkyu Yoon

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.181 Vol.9(No.1) 181-191, 2025

This study aims to provide data on the necessity of cultural arts education in island regions by examining the educational experiences of dance instructors who teach at schools in these areas. It derives results through interviews focused on the reasons for applying to schools in island regions, teaching experiences at island schools, and the importance of arts education there. Despite the desire to offer arts education, schools in island regions acknowledge their failure to provide such experiences to students due to geographical accessibility issues. By providing facilities and conveniences, as well as informing students in advance about the dance classes, schools enabled dance instructors who had applied to teach to deliver their lessons effectively. Dance instructors recognize the true effectiveness and value of arts education in island regions through experiencing the supportive attitudes of school officials and the openness of students who participate in dance classes, as well as the transformative impact of the education provided. Throughout this process, educators tasked with delivering cultural arts education to underserved areas develop a sense of calling and mission. They re-established their sense of fulfillment and identity as educators, witnessing the heightened recognition of the value of cultural arts education among schools and students.

Island Area, Island Area School, Island Area Culture and Arts Culture, Dance Education

Jang Il Yoo

DOI:10.26584/RDPA.2025.9.1.192 Vol.9(No.1) 192-200, 2025

Korean creative ballet has been continuously evolving through the active performances of professional ballet companies and university alumni ballet troupes. However, in the case of Korean-style creative ballet, the challenge of balancing Korea’s unique identity with the practical competitiveness required in modern society remains a persistent issue. This study aims to analyze the Korean creative ballet works of the National Ballet Company, which has played a significant role in the development of Korean creative ballet, and to review relevant overseas studies to propose more practical and convincing improvement strategies. An examination of the major challenges facing Korean creative ballet identified two key issues: the lack of unique attributes exclusive to Korean creative ballet and deficiencies in stage technology and support infrastructure. Through an analysis of the works of the National Ballet Company, several common strengths were observed, including familiar storytelling structures based on traditional ballet narratives, expressive use of stage space, props, and lighting to convey character emotions and situations, and the direct incorporation of Korean identity through stage props. However, limitations were also identified, such as a lack of experimental narratives and contemporary interpretations, insufficient utilization of digital technologies, and difficulties in securing competitiveness for international audiences. Based on these findings, this study proposes two key improvement strategies. First, the introduction of nonlinear narratives and interactive stage compositions is necessary to enhance audience engagement and immersion, ultimately strengthening global competitiveness. Second, the active adoption of digital technologies, such as digital media art, projection mapping, and augmented reality (AR), should be emphasized as a means to reinterpret traditional aesthetic elements in a modern context. The strategies proposed in this study are expected to contribute to strengthening both the unique identity and the global competitiveness of Korean creative ballet. Future research should focus on applying these strategies to actual performances and conducting follow-up studies to verify their effectiveness through audience and expert evaluations.

Korean Creative Ballet, National Ballet Company, Nonlinear Narrative and Interactive Stage Composition, Active Utilization of Digital Technologies, Global Competitiveness, Modern Interpretation of Traditional Aesthetic Elements