Christopher R. Gentry , Hosung So

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.1 Vol.3(No.2) 1-7, 2019

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the readers to how to teach using Graham’s (1980) Skill-Themes Approach, which focuses on skill themes and movement concepts, with minimal to no equipment in the elementary setting. The Skill Theme Approach describes both content (what is being taught) and pedagogy (how it is being taught). Today, many elementary physical education teachers are asked to teach large class sizes with minimal equipment. In addition to these conditions, teachers are also tasked with challenging and motivating students in movement settings where many may feel uncomfortable participating while being observed by peers. Dealing with such challenges can be daunting, but the Skill-Themes Approach provides teachers with a purposeful, less intimidating method to introducing fundamental movements and skills while providing a strong foundation for competence and confidence in many different physical activities and exercise forms encountered throughout school and beyond. In addition, such an approach allows for teacher creativity when equipment is limited. This paper highlights the four aspects of Laban’s movement concepts (body, space, effort, and relationships), skill themes (locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative skills) and organization of activities with less-expensive equipment items such as but not limited to beanbags and tape. In addition, teachers teaching physical education, movement, physical activities, and dance are introduced to how a skill theme and movement concept approach will allow for development in less intimidating settings that focus on individual or small group tasks. Final recommendations are included to address a potential progression of activities throughout the elementary experience including combination of skills and movements, student creativity, and quality of movement. Connections can and should be made as to how such an approach matches well with a standards based curriculum. The paper also emphasizes that teaching by themes is an efficient way to improve the transition from basic skills and movements to those movements that are more complex later in life, referred to the primary concepts of Graham’s (1980) “children moving” and Schmidt’s (1977) “schema theory”.

skills theme approach, physical education, elementary

Jaimie Azusa Tani , Chungmi Lee

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.9 Vol.3(No.2) 9-30, 2019

Sports massage is a well-established form of manual intervention used to improve athletic performance. However, its impact on the biological, physiological, and psychological markers of mental state and stress remains unclear. This research seeks to elucidate the effect that sports massage, compression sleeves, and rest have on stress in the body. Stress will be quantified through amylase and cortisol levels, and on mood, expressed through Lifescore values using the program Lifescore Quick (LSQ), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). To determine the extent of the impact that sports massage, compression sleeves, and rest have on salivary amylase (sAA), cortisol, LSQ, and POMS of a given test subject when administered after physical activity. Two subjects from the men’s soccer team were tested using a crossover design on six occasions for salivary cortisol and sAA levels, LSQ, and POMS 5 to 10 min before and after regular practice. Following the second test, research subjects moved to the testing site and underwent one of three forms of intervention: full-body sports massage, compression sleeves, or rest. After treatment, they were tested a third time. 3 × 3 ANOVA with repeated measures was used for analysis, with within-subject factors being treatment condition and time. Obtained results reveal that both sports massage and compression sleeves are effective when compared to rest on salivary cortisol, sAA, Lifescore, and POMS, though under the present experimental condition no statistical significance was obtained between the two.

Massage therapy, Stress, Mental flexibility, POMS, Biomarkers, Individual

Seungmo Kim , Tsz Ching Pang , Sanghyun Park

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.31 Vol.3(No.2) 31-43, 2019

The main purpose of the current study was to analyze the effects of coaches’ leadership styles on athletes’ intention to continue their athletic career in the sport of artistic swimming. The population of this study was all athletic swimmers at the elite level. A sample of 196 artistic swimmers from 23 countries participated in a questionnaire pertaining to autocratic coaching, democratic coaching style, and intention to continue athletic career. Frequent analysis and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between two coaching styles and the outcome variable. The results revealed that democratic coaching style had a positive influence on athletes’ intention to continue, whereas autocratic coaching style had negative influence on athletes’ intention to continue. The results suggest that democratic coaching style could be more effective than autocratic coaching style to induce a long-term participation in the sport.

coaching styles, artistic swimmer, intention to continue

Sangbin Lee , Jisuk Chang , Hyunwoo Kim , Choonghoon Lim

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.45 Vol.3(No.2) 45-62, 2019

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of the predictive variables in the TPB (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and the perceived benefits of ballet on the participation intentions of individuals. To fulfill this purpose, a survey study was conducted with 207 participants. The findings of the study suggest that in a context of participating in a highly symbolic and hedonic activity such as ballet, the symbolic and functional benefits’ influence are both considered when making judgments about the hedonic benefits of the activity. Although it was hypothesized that the influence of symbolic benefits on hedonic benefits (attitude) would be stronger than the influence of functional benefits on hedonic benefits (attitude), results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences. However, analysis of the TPB variables revealed that subjective norms were most influential in predicting ballet participation intention, followed by hedonic benefits and perceived behavioral control. The analysis of direct and indirect effects revealed that the hedonic benefits (attitude) mediated the relationship between both symbolic and functional benefits and ballet participation intention.

benefits, Theory of Planned Behavior, ballet, participation

Rasika Bhide , Soon-mi Choi

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.63 Vol.3(No.2) 63-69, 2019

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by loss of memory and impaired cognitive function that is seen primarily in older adults. AD is primarily characterized by excessive accumulation amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and tau proteins leading to reduction in hippocampal volume and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Although there are different pharmacological treatment approaches available for managing cognitive and balance impairments in AD, they do not provide symptom control to a large extent and are associated with a variety of adverse effects and complications. Therefore, incorporating non-pharmacological intervention strategies in order to effectively control the symptoms of AD is crucial. Aerobic exercise causes an improvement in the symptoms of AD by enhancing cerebrovascular function, perfusion and neuroplasticity in the brain. Dance is a safe and inexpensive form of aerobic exercise that is based on music and can be performed in any environment. Thus, it is necessary to study the effects of different dance forms on cognitive function and balance in AD since it is a form of exercise that is not repetitive as well as promotes social interaction and motivation in older adults.

Alzheimer’s disease, Hippocampal volume, Aerobic exercise, Dance, Cognitive function, Balance

Hyunjung Park

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.71 Vol.3(No.2) 71-77, 2019

This study intends to look into the acceptance and development of Korean culture in the work ‘Rough Cut’ which Pina Bausch choreographed in 2005. Further, the study looked at the creators, Pina Bausch and Tanztheater Wuppertal, and analyzed the ‘Rough Cut’ premiered in Germany. This study analyzes using ‘the cultural diamond’ proposed by Wendy Griswold and the perspective of this study starts from interculturalism. Tanztheater Wuppertal’s ‘Nation and City Series’ works incorporate human in culture and relationship with humans, staying in a specific country or city and meeting people of each country. Therefore, Nation and City Series is said to be the most creative work to contain interculturalism. This study has great significance that direct interview with German audiences and dancers of Tanztheater Wuppertal allow us to get a microscopic and vivid approach to the acceptance aspect of culture. Through this study, first, it is available to broaden the spectrum of Korean Studies research that can be done overseas, second, it is possible to have a vivid approach to the acceptance aspect of Korean culture shown in foreign countries, and finally to derive many subsequent studies in the line of dance and theatre studies.

Pina Bausch, Rough cut, the Cultural Dimond, Creator, Cultural Object

Yoon Pil-kyu , Kim Jae-eun

DOI:10.26584/RDPE.2019.12.3.2.79 Vol.3(No.2) 79-89, 2019

The purpose of this research is to to examine the meanings and values of participation in ballet lessons in the life course of senior citizens based on the experiences of senior ballet students. Dance as an art of instinctive human movements helps the elderly promote their health, emotional satisfaction, and life stability and thus lead a rich life in old age in qualitative ways. Dance is a natural act of establishing one's identity and ego through physical movements and expressing one's inner emotions through the active uses of the human body. Ballet has many different values. Dance movements share many similarities with general exercise, thus holding high utilization value as means of exercise prescription at the preventive level. For this purpose, the investigator adopted the qualitative case study method. Subjects were selected according to purposive sampling, one of qualitative sampling methods to select research participants fit for the given topic, or criterion-based selection named by Goetz and Le Compte. They participated in ballet lessons at a cultural center in Seoul for a year(twice per week) or longer. Data was collected with an in-depth interview, participant observation, and document materials for total 12 weeks. The subjects got to learn ballet as they developed interest in new leisure activities after years of appreciating ballet performances. Learning ballet, they experienced changes to their bodies including the right posture and healthy and beautiful body. As they learned ballet, they gained self-confidence and got to have expectations for a second life.

dance, ballet, senior citizen, health, life-satisfaction